A colorless or light yellow, highly refractive index volatile oily liquid having a bitter almond taste and an aromatic odor when burned. Melting point -26ºC, freezing point -56ºC, boiling point 179ºC, 62ºC (1.33kPa), relative density 1.0415(10/4ºC), refractive index 1.5455, flash point (closed cup) 64.5ºC, spontaneous combustion point 192ºC. Combustible. Miscible with ethanol, ethyl ether, volatile oil and non-volatile oil, slightly soluble in water. Can evaporate with water vapor. Unstable, easily oxidized to benzoic acid, especially by sunlight. Benzaldehyde is widely present in plants, especially in plants of the rose family, mainly in the form of glycosides in the stem skin, leaves or seeds of plants, such as amygdalin in bitter almonds. There are two main industrial production methods of benzaldehyde: toluene and benzene are used as raw materials. Laboratory preparation can also use catalytic (palladium/barium sulfate) reduction of benzoyl chloride method. 1. Toluene chlorination rehydrolysis method using toluene as raw material, chlorinated under light to obtain mixed chlorobenzene. Raw material consumption quota: toluene 1700kg/t, chlorine gas 3000kg/t, soda ash 1500kg/t. 2. Benzyl alcohol oxidation method chlorobenzyl hydrolysis to benzyl alcohol, and then oxidation to benzaldehyde. 3. Toluene direct oxidation benzaldehyde is an intermediate product of toluene oxidation to benzoic acid. Toluene → benzyl alcohol → benzaldehyde → benzoic acid. 4. Using benzene as raw material under pressure and aluminum trichloride, benzene reacts with carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride. The content of benzaldehyde in industrial products is above 98.5.
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